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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 


HARVARD  UNIVERSITY. 

— 

FACULTY  OF  ARTS  AND  SCIENCES. 


NEW  DEFINITIONS  OF  REQUIREMENTS  FOR  ADMISSION 
TO  HARVARD  COLLEGE  AND  TO  THE  LAWRENCE 
SCIENTIFIC  SCHOOL. 

Daring  the  past  year  the  Faculty  has  been  engaged  on  a 
revision  of  the  requirements  for  admission  to  Harvard  College 
and  to  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School.  In  a few  of  the  studies 
of  the  present  list  no  change  is  proposed ; in  most,  the  defini- 
tion of  the  requirement  has  been  carefully  revised.  Several 
new  studies  have  been  added  to  the  list,  some  of  which  will  be 
accepted  for  admission  either  to  the  College  or  to  the  Scientific 
School,  some  for  admission  to  the  Scientific  School  only.  A 
portion  of  the  studies  will  be  elective  as  at  present. 

In  the  examinations  of  1898,  and  thereafter  until  the  new 
definitions  shall  be  exclusively  in  force,  alternative  papers  will 
be  offered  under  the  new  definitions  (where  they  differ  materi- 
ally from  the  present  definitions)  in  Greek,  Latin,  German, 
French,  History,  Mathematics,  Physics,  and  Chemistry. 

In  formulating  a new  statement  of  the  terms  of  admission  it 
is  the  purpose  of  the  Faculty  to  assign  to  each  study  a certain 
number  of  points,  representing  the  relative  weight  which  that 
study  will  have  in  determining  the  question  of  a candidate’s 
fitness  for  admission,  and  to  state  the  total  amount  of  the 
requirement  for  admission  in  the  form  of  a fixed  aggregate  of 
points  which  may  be  made  up  by  various  combinations  of 
studies  under  regulations  to  be  announced  hereafter. 

In  framing  the  new  terms  of  admission  to  Harvard  College 
the  Faculty  does  not  intend  to  increase  the  total  amount  of 
work  required  in  preparation. 

July  30,  1897. 


DEFINITIONS  OF  REQUIREMENTS. 


Good  English. 

Clear  and  idiomatic  English  is  expected  in  all  examination-papers  and 
note-books  written  by  candidates  for  admission.  Teachers  are  requested 
to  insist  on  good  English,  not  only  in  translations,  but  in  every  exercise 
in  which  the  pupil  has  occasion  to  write  or  to  speak  English. 

I. 

The  following  definitions  of  requirements  in  studies  which 
may  be  presented  by  candidates  for  admission  to  Harvard 
College  or  to  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  have  been  adopted 
by  the  Faculty,  subject  to  possible  changes  of  detail : — 

1.  English. 

(As  at  present.) 

The  examination  will  consist  of  two  parts,  which,  however,  cannot  be 
taken  separately  : — 

I.  The  candidate  will  be  required  to  write  a paragraph  or  two  on  each 
of  several  topics  chosen  by  him  from  a considerable  number  — perhaps 
ten  or  fifteen  — set  before  him  on  the  examination  paper.  In  1898  the 
topics  will  be  drawn  from  the  following  works  : — 

Milton’s  Paradise  Lost,  Books  I and  II ; Pope’s  Iliad,  Books  I and 
XXII ; The  Sir  Roger  de  Coverly  Papers  in  the  Spectator ; Goldsmith’s 
Vicar  of  Wakefield;  Coleridge’s  Ancient  Mariner;  Southey’s  Life  of 
Nelson;  Carlyle’s  Essay  on  Burns;  Lowell’s  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal; 
Hawthorne’s  House  of  the  Seven  Gables. 

The  candidate  is  expected  to  read  intelligently  all  the  books  prescribed.  He  should 
read  them  as  he  reads  other  books;  he  is  expected,  not  to  know  them  minutely,  but  to 
have  freshly  in  mind  their  most  important  parts.  In  every  case  the  examiner  will  regard 
knowledge  of  the  book  as  less  important  than  ability  to  write  English. 

As  additional  evidence  of  preparation,  the  candidate  may  present  an  exercise-book, 
properly  certified  by  his  instructor,  containing  compositions  or  other  written  work. 

II.  A certain  number  of  books  will  be  prescribed  for  careful  study. 
This  part  of  the  examination  will  be  upon  subject-matter,  literary  form, 
and  logical  structure,  and  will  also  test  the  candidate’s  ability  to  express 
his  knowledge  with  clearness  and  accuracy.  The  books  prescribed  for 
this  part  of  the  examination  in  1898  are  : 


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Shakspere’s  Macbeth;  Burke’s  Speech  on  Conciliation  with  America; 
De  Quincey’s  Flight  of  a Tartar  Tribe  ; Tennyson’s  Princess. 

No  candidate  will  be  accepted  in  English  whose  work  is  seriously  defective  in  point 
of  spelling,  punctuation,  grammar,  or  division  into  paragraphs. 

In  connection  with  the  reading  and  study  of  the  prescribed  books,  parallel  or  subsid- 
iary reading  should  be  encouraged,  and  a considerable  amount  of  English  poetry 
should  be  committed  to  memory.  The  essentials  of  English  grammar  should  not  be 
neglected  in  preparatory  study. 

The  English  written  by  a candidate  in  any  of  his  examination-books  may  be  regarded 
as  part  of  his  examination  in  English,  in  case  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  examination- 
book  in  English  is  insufficient. 

2-4.  Greek. 

2.  Elementary  Greek. 

The  examination  will  be  adapted  to  the  proficiency  of  those  who  have 
studied  Greek  in  a Systematic  course  of  five  exercises  a week,  extending 
through  at  least  two  school  years.  'Hie  two  parts  of  the  examination 
cannot  be  taken  separately  : — 

(a)  The  translation  at  su  h of  simple  Attic  prose.  (The  passages  set 
for  translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple  and  idiomatic  English.) 

( b ) A thorough  examination  on  a prescribed  portion  of  Xenophon 
(about  thirty  pages*),  directed  to  testing  the  candidate’s  mastery  of 
the  ordinary  forms,  constructions,  and  idioms  of  the  language ; the  test 
to  consist,  in  part,  of  writing  simple  Attic  prose,  involving  the  use  of 
such  words,  constructions,  and  idioms  only  as  occur  in  the  portion  of 
Xenophon  prescribed. 

For  three  years,  beginning  with  1898,  the  portion  of  Xenophon  pre- 
scribed will  be  the  second  book  of  the  Anabasis. 

Advanced  Greek. 

There  are  two  examinations,  in  either  or  both  of  which  the  candidate 
may  present  himself.  To  be  adequately  prepared  for  both  examinations, 
the  candidate  should  have  studied  Greek  in  a systematic  course  of  five 
exercises  a week,  extending  through  at  least  three  school  years  : — 

3.  Greek  Authors.  — The  translation  at  sight  of  Attic  prose  and  of 
Homer,  with  questions  designed  to  test  the  candidate’s  understanding 
of  the  passages  set,  and  questions  on  ordinary  forms,  constructions,  an  1 
idioms,  and  on  prosody.  (The  passages  set  for  translation  must  be  ren- 
dered into  simple  and  idiomatic  English.) 

4.  Greek  Composition. — The  translation  into  Attic  prose  of  a passage 
of  connected  English  narrative.  The  passage  set  for  translation  will  be 
based  on  some  portion  of  the  Greek  prose  works  usually  read  in  prepara- 
tion for  college,  and  will  be  limited  to  the  subject-matter  of  those  works 

* The  pages  of  the  more  recent  Teubner  text  editions  are  taken  as  a standard  in  this 
statement. 


4 


The  estimate  of  the  periods  of  study  necessary  to  prepare  for  the  elementary  and 
advanced  examinations  in  Greek  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  candidate  has 
begun  the  study  of  Latin  at  least  a year  earlier,  and  has  continued  it  along  with  his 
Greek  course ; otherwise  the  periods  specified  would  not  be  sufficient. 

In  preparation  for  the  elementary  examination  in  Greek,  candidates  should  read 
from  130  to  170  pages*  of  Attic  prose.  For  the  advanced  examination  (Greek  Authors), 
candidates  should  read  from  30  to  50  pages  more  of  Attic  prose,  and  from  3000  to  5000 
verses  of  Homer.  The  reading  of  Homer  may  be  advantageously  begun  with  a thorough 
study  of  Iliad,  Books  I and  II  (to  the  catalogue  of  ships) . 

The  pupil  should  be  constantly  guided  in  proper  methods  of  reading,  and  trained  to 
read  the  Greek  intelligently,  as  Greek,  before  undertaking  to  render  it  into  idiomatic 
English.  There  should  be  constant  practice  in  reading  aloud,  with  due  expression, 
and  in  hearing  the  language  read.  In  connection  with  the  reading,  to  ensure  thorough- 
ness and  accuracy  in  the  pupil’s  understanding  of  the  language,  the  study  of  grammar, 
with  some  practice  in  writing  Greek,  should  be  maintained  throughout  the  course. 
There  should  also  be  frequent  written  translations  into  idiomatic  English. 

To  prepare  for  the  examination  in  Greek  Composition,  pupils  should  be  trained,  from 
an  early  stage  of  the  preparatory  course,  to  render  into  Greek,  not  merely  detached 
sentences,  illustrative  of  constructions,  but  also  passages  of  connected  narrative  or 
description,  prepared  by  the  teacher  on  the  basis  of  the  prose  authors  read. 

5-7.  Latin. 

5.  Elementary  Latin. 

The  examination  will  be  adapted  to  the  proficiency  of  those  who  have 
studied  Latin  in  a systematic  course  of  five  lessons  a week,  extending 
through  at  least  three  school  years.  The  two  parts  of  the  examination 
cannot  be  taken  separately  : — 

(a)  The  translation  at  sight  of  simple  Latin  prose  and  verse.  (The 
passages  set  for  translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple  and  idiomatic 
English.) 

( b ) A thorough  examination  on  a prescribed  portion  of  Cicero’s 
speeches  (about  thirty  pages*),  directed  to  testing  the  candidate’s 
mastery  of  the  ordinary  forms,  constructions,  and  idioms  of  the  lan- 
guage ; the  test  to  consist,  in  part,  of  writing  simple  Latin  prose, 
involving  the  use  of  such  words,  constructions,  and  idioms  only  as 
occur  in  the  speeches  prescribed. 

For  three  years,  beginning  with  1898,  the  portion  of  Cicero  prescribed 
will  be  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  speeches  against  Catiline. 

Advanced  Latin. 

There  are  two  examinations,  in  either  or  both  of  which  the  candidate 
may  present  himself.  To  be  adequately  prepared  for  both  examinations, 
the  candidate  should  have  studied  Latin  in  a systematic  course  of  five 
lessons  a week,  extending  through  at  least  four  school  years  : — 


* See  footnote,  p.  3. 


5 


6.  Latin  Authors.  — The  translation  at  sight  of  Latin  prose  and  verse, 
with  questions  designed  to  test  the  candidate’s  understanding  of  the  pas- 
sages set,  and  questions  on  ordinary  forms,  constructions,  and  idioms,  and 
on  prosody.  (The  passages  set  for  translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple 
and  idiomatic  English.) 

7.  Latin  Composition . — The  translation  into  Latin  prose  of  a pas- 
sage of  connected  English  narrative.  The  passage  set  for  translation 
will  be  based  on  some  portion  of  the  Latin  prose  works  usually  read 
in  preparation  for  college,  and  will  be  limited  to  the  subject-matter  of 
those  works. 

The  estimate  of  the  periods  of  study  necessary  to  prepare  for  the  examinations  in 
Latin  is  made  with  reference  to  schools  which  have  a four  years’  course.  Schools  which 
have  a five  years’  course  may  more  advantageously  provide  for  beginning  the  study  of 
Latin  in  the  first  year,  with  some  diminution,  if  necessary,  of  the  time  devoted  to  it  in 
the  last  years  of  the  course. 

The  course  of  reading  pursued  in  preparation  for  the  examinations  in  Latin  should 
include : — 

(a)  Easy  reading,  included  in  or  following  a suitable  introductory  book  (‘Latin 
Lessons  ’),  amounting  to  from  30  to  40  pages ; * 

(&)  Nepos  (Lives)  and  Caesar  (Gallic  War),  90  to  120  pages; 

(c)  Cicero,  90  to  120  pages,  including  the  four  speeches  against  Catiline  and  the 
speech  on  the  Manilian  Law,  with  additional  speeches  selected  by  the  teacher; 

(d)  Virgil  and  Ovid,  6000  to  10,000  verses,  including  the  first  six  books  of  the  Aeneid. 

Preparation  for  the  elementary  examination  alone  should  include  (a)  and  (6),  the 

four  speeches  against  Catiline,  and  from  2000  to  3000  verses  of  Virgil,  or  of  Ovid  and 
Virgil. 

The  pupil  should  be  constantly  guided  in  proper  methods  of  reading,  and  trained  to 
read  the  Latin  intelligently,  as  Latin,  before  undertaking  to  render  it  into  idiomatic 
English.  There  should  be  constant  practice  in  reading  aloud,  with  due  expression, 
and  in  hearing  the  language  read.  In  connection  with  the  reading,  to  ensure  thorough- 
ness and  accuracy  in  the  pupil’s  understanding  of  the  language,  the  study  of  grammar, 
with  some  practice  in  writing  Latin,  should  be  maintained  throughout  the  course. 
There  should  also  be  frequent  written  translations  into  idiomatic  English. 

To  prepare  for  the  examination  in  Latin  Composition,  pupils  should  be  trained,  from 
an  early  stage  of  the  preparatory  course,  to  render  into  Latin  not  merely  detached 
sentences;  illustrative  of  constructions,  but  also  passages  of  connected  narrative  or 
description,  prepared  by  the  teacher  on  the  basis  of  the  prose  authors  read. 

8,  9.  German. 

8.  Elementary  German. 

(a)  The  translation  at  sight  of  simple  German  prose.  (The  passages 
set  for  translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple  and  idiomatic  English.) 

(b)  The  translation  into  German  of  simple  English  sentences,  or  of 
easy  connected  prose,  to  test  the  candidate’s  familiarity  with  elementary 
grammar. 


* See  footnote,  p.  3. 


6 


The  passages  set  for  translation  into  English  will  be  suited  to  the  proficiency  of  candi- 
dates who  have  read  not  less  than  two  hundred  pages  of  easy  German  (including  reading 
at  sight  in  class). 

Grammar  should  be  studied  concurrently  with  the  reading  as  an  indispensable  means 
of  ensuring  thoroughness  and  accuracy  in  the  understanding  of  the  language.  The 
requirement  in  elementary  grammar  includes  the  conjugation  of  the  weak  and  the 
moi’e  usual  strong  verbs;  the  declension  of  articles,  adjectives,  pronouns,  and  such 
nouns  as  are  readily  classified;  the  commoner  prepositions;  the  simpler  uses  of  the 
modal  auxiliaries;  the  elements  of  syntax,  especially  the  rules  governing  the  order  of 
words. 

Pronunciation  should  be  carefully  taught,  and  the  pupils  should  have  frequent  oppor- 
tunities to  hear  German  spoken  or  read  aloud.  The  writing  of  German  from  dictation  is 
recommended  as  a useful  exercise. 

9.  Advanced  German. 

(a)  The  translation  at  sight  of  ordinary  German.  (The  passages  set  for 
translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple  and  idiomatic  English.) 

( b ) The  translation  into  German  of  a connected  passage  of  English 
prose,  to  test  the  candidate’s  familiarity  with  grammar.  Proficiency  in 
grammar  may  also  be  tested  by  direct  questions. 

The  passages  set  for  translation  into  English  will  be  suited  to  the  proficiency  of  those 
who  have  read,  in  addition  to  the  amount  specified  under  Elementary  German,  not  less 
than  five  hundred  pages  of  classical  and  contemporary  prose  and  verse.  It  is  recom- 
mended that  the  reading  be  selected  from  such  works  as  the  following:  Riehl, 
Culturgeschichtliche  Novellen;  Freytag,  Bilder  aus  der  deutschen  Vergangenheit, 
Die  Journalisten;  Kohlrausch,  Das  Jahr  1813;  Schiller,  Der  dreissigjdhrige  Krieg, 
Wilhelm  Tell,  Maria  Stuart,  Die  Jungfrau  von  Orleans ; Goethe,  Hermann  und 
Dorothea,  Egmont,  Iphigenie;  Lessing,  Minna  von  Barnhelm.  About  one  half  of  the 
amount  read  should  be  Nineteenth  Century  prose. 

In  the  translation  into  German  candidates  will  be  expected  to  show  a thorough 
knowledge  of  accidence,  the  elements  of  word-formation,  the  principal  uses  of  prepo- 
sitions and  conjunctions,  and  the  essentials  of  syntax,  especially  the  uses  of  the  modal 
auxiliaries,  and  of  the  subjunctive  and  infinitive  modes. 

It  is  recommended  that  the  candidate  be  trained  to  follow  a recitation  conducted  in 
German  and  to  answer  in  that  language  questions  asked  by  the  instructor. 

10,  11.  French. 

10.  Elementary  French. 

(a)  The  translation  at  sight  of  ordinary  Nineteenth  Century  prose. 
(The  passages  set  for  translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple  and 
idiomatic  English.) 

( b ) The  translation  into  French  of  simple  English  sentences  or  of  easy 
connected  prose,  to  test  the  candidate’s  familiarity  with  elementary  gram- 
mar. Proficiency  in  grammar  may  also  be  tested  by  direct  questions, 
based  on  the  passages  set  for  translation  under  (a). 

The  passages  set  for  translation  into  English  will  be  suited  to  the  proficiency  of  candi- 
dates who  have  read  not  less  than  four  hundred  pages  (including  reading  at  sight  in 
class)  from  the  works  of  at  least  three  different  authors.  It  is  desirable  that  a portion 
of  the  reading  should  be  from  works  other  than  works  of  fiction. 


Grammar  should  be  studied  concurrently  with  the  reading  as  an  indispensable  mean 
of  ensuring  thoroughness  and  accuracy  in  the  understanding  of  the  language.  The 
requirement  in  elementary  grammar  includes  the  conjugations  of  regular  verbs,  of 
the  more  frequent  irregular  verbs,  such  as  alter,  envoyer,  tenir,  pouvoir,  voir, 
vouloir,  dire,  savoir,  faire,  and  those  belonging  to  the  classes  represented  by  ouvrir, 
dormir,  connaitre,  conduire,  and  craindre;  the  forms  and  positions  of  personal  pronouns 
and  of  possessive,  demonstrative,  and  interrogative  adjectives;  the  inflection  of  nouns 
and  adjectives  for  gender  and  number,  except  rare  cases;  the  uses  of  articles,  and  the 
partitive  constructions. 

Pronunciation  should  be  carefully  taught,  and  pupils  should  have  frequent  opportuni- 
ties to  hear  French  spoken  or  read  aloud.  The  writing  of  French  from  dictation  is 
recommended  as  a useful  exercise. 

11.  Advanced  French. 

( a ) The  translation  at  sight  of  standard  French.  (The  passages  set  for 
translation  must  be  rendered  into  simple  and  idiomatic  English.) 

( b ) The  translation  into  French  of  a connected  passage  of  English 
prose,  to  test  the  candidate’s  familiarity  with  grammar.  Proficiency  in 
grammar  may  also  be  tested  by  direct  questions. 

The  passages  set  for  ti'anslation  into  English  will  be  suited  to  the  proficiency  of  candi- 
dates who  have  read,  in  addition  to  the  amount  specified  under  Elementary  French, 
not  less  than  six  hundred  pages  of  prose  and  verse  from  the  writings  of  at  least  four 
standard  authors.  A considerable  part  of  the  amount  read  should  be  carefully  trans- 
lated into  idiomatic  English. 

Candidates  will  be  expected  to  show  a thorough  knowledge  of  accidence  and  famili- 
arity with  the  essentials  of  French  syntax,  especially  the  uses  of  tenses,  modes,  pre- 
positions, and  conjunctions. 

It  is  recommended  that  the  candidate  be  trained  to  follow  a recitation  conducted  in 
French  and  to  answer  in  that  language  questions  asked  by  the  instructor. 

12,  13.  History  (including  Historical  Geography). 

12.  Elementary  History. 

Either  of  the  two  following  groups,  each  including  two  fields  of  historical 
study  : — 

1.  Greek  and  Roman  History.  — (a)  Greek  History  to  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander, with  due  reference  to  Greek  life,  literature,  and  art.  ( b ) Roman 
History  to  the  accession  of  Commodus,  with  due  reference  to  literature 
and  government. 

2.  English  and  American  History.  — ( a ) English  History,  with  due 
reference  to  social  and  political  development.  (6)  American  History, 
with  the  elements  of  Civil  Government. 

For  preparation  in  each  of  the  two  historical  fields  presented,  a course  of  study 
equivalent  to  at  least  three  lessons  a week  for  one  year  will  be  necessary. 

The  candidate  will  be  expected  to  show  on  examination  such  general  knowledge  of 
each  field  as  may  be  acquired  from  the  study  of  an  accurate  text-book  of  not  less  than 
300  pages,  supplemented  by  suitable  parallel  readings  amounting  to  not  less  than  500 
pages.  The  examination  will  call  for  comparison  of  historical  characters,  periods,  and 


8 


events,  and  in  general  for  the  exercise  of  judgment  as  well  as  of  memory.  Geographical 
knowledge  will  be  tested  by  means  of  an  outline  map. 

As  further  evidence  of  the  candidate’s  proficiency  satisfactory  written  work,  done  at 
school  and  certified  by  the  teacher,  must  be  submitted  at  the  time  of  the  examination. 
It  must  be  presented  in  the  form  of  a note-book  (or  bound  collection  of  notes),  con- 
taining not  less  than  50  written  pages  on  each  historical  field  offered,  and  must  show 
practice  in  some  of  the  following  exercises:  — 

(а)  Notes  and  digests  of  the  pupil’s  reading  outside  of  the  text-books. 

(б)  Brief  written  tests  requiring  the  application  to  new  questions  of  knowledge 
previously  acquired. 

(c)  Parallels  between  historical  characters  or  periods. 

(d)  Short  studies  of  topics  limited  in  scope,  prepared  outside  of  the  class-room  and 
illustrated  by  some  reference  to  contemporary  material. 

( e ) Historical  maps  or  charts  showing  explorations,  migrations,  conquests,  territorial 
changes,  or  social  conditions. 

In  the  judgment  of  the  Department  of  History  it  is  desirable  that  Greek  and  Roman 
History  be  offered  as  a part  of  the  preparation  of  every  candidate. 

13.  Advanced  History. 

Any  one  of  the  four  courses  of  study  which  follow  : — 

1.  Greek  History  to  the  destruction  of  Corinth  and  Roman  History  to 
the  death  of  Constantine  (open  to  those  candidates  only  who  have  offered 
English  and  American  History  as  an  elementary  study) . 

2.  English  History  and  American  History  (open  to  those  candidates  only 
who  have  offered  Greek  and  Roman  History  as  an  elementary  study). 

3.  European  History  from  the  Germanic  conquests  to  the  beginning 
of  the  seventeenth  century. 

4.  A year’s  study  of  any  one  of  the  four  historical  fields  defined  under 
Elementary  History  and  not  already  offered  by  the  candidate,  together 
with  a year’s  detailed  study  of  a limited  period*  within  that  field,  selected 
with  the  approval  of  the  Department  of  History. 

The  examination  in  the  second  part  of  4 will  be  specially  adapted  to  the  particular 
period  selected  and  will  be  held  in  Cambridge  only. 

In  every  case  the  candidate  will  be  expected  to  show  on  examination  such  an  acquaint- 
ance with  the  whole  field  as  may  be  gained  from  the  study  of  good  text-books,  together 
with  substantial  parallel  readings,  and,  further,  such  a detailed  knowledge  of  some 
part  of  the  field  as  may  be  gained  from  suitable  topical  study.  A higher  standard  of 
acquirement  and  of  power  to  combine  results  will  be  expected  than  in  the  elementai'y 
requirement. 

As  further  evidence  of  pi*oficiency  satisfactoi’y  written  woi’k,  done  at  school  and  certi- 
fied by  the  teacher,  must  be  submitted  at  the  time  of  the  examination.  The  form  and 
contents  of  this  written  woi’k  will  be  the  same  as  in  the  elementary  requirement,  but 
greater  skill  in  the  use  of  matei’ials  and  in  the  statement  of  results  will  be  expected. 


* For  example,  the  Spartan  and  Theban  supremacies,  the  period  of  the  Punic  wars, 
the  Stuart  period,  the  transition  from  the  American  colonial  to  the  fedei'al  system. 


9 


14-17.  Mathematics. 

A thorough  practical  acquaintance  with  ordinary  Arithmetic  is  assumed  as  underlying 
all  preparation  in  Mathematics.  Knowledge  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  Arithmetic 
and  careful  training  in  accurate  computation  with  whole  numbers  and  with  vulgar  and 
decimal  fractions  form  an  essential  part  of  early  school  work.  But  the  pupil’s  time  should 
not  be  wasted  in  the  solution  by  arithmetic  of  puzzling  problems  which  properly  belong 
to*algebra,or  in  complicated  and  useless  reductions,  or  in  the  details  of  commercial  arith- 
metic. It  is  desirable  that  some  familiarity  with  algebraic  expressions  and  symbols, 
including  the  methods  of  solving  simple  equations,  be  acquired  in  connexion  with  the 
course  in  Arithmetic. 

Elementary  Mathematics. 

14.  Elementary  Algebra. — Algebra,  through  Quadratic  Equations.  (As 
at  present.) 

The  requirement  in  Algebra  includes  the  following  subjects  : factors,  common 
divisors  and  multiples,  fractions,  ratios  and  proportions  ; negative  quantities  and  the 
interpretation  of  negative  results;  the  doctrine  of  exponents;  radicals  and  equations 
involving  radicals;  the  binomial  theorem  for  positive  integral  powers  of  the  binomial, 
and  the  extraction  of  roots;  putting  questions  into  equations  and  the  reduction  of  equa- 
tions; the  ordinary  methods  of  elimination  and  the  solution  of  both  numerical  and  literal 
equations  of  the  first  and  second  degrees  with  one  or  more  unknown  quantities  and  of 
problems  leading  to  such  equations. 

The  student  should  cover  carefully  the  whole  ground  here  specified,  and  should 
acquire  a thorough  understanding  not  only  of  the  practice,  but  of  the  reasons  involved  in 
the  elementary  algebraic  rules;  for  example,  in  the  rules  of  multiplication,  of  signs,  and 
of  exponents,  in  the  rules  for  fractions,  and  in  those  relating  to  the  reduction  and  solution 
of  equations.  He  should  train  himself  to  practical  skill  by  the  solution  of  a large  number 
of  examples,  and  should  learn  to  do  his  work  with  reasonable  quickness,  as  well  as  with 
confidence,  accuracy,  and  clearness.  The  solution  of  fairly  complicated  literal  quadratics, 
the  various  methods  of  elimination  for  equations  of  the  first  two  degrees,  the  putting  of 
problems  in  a neat  manner  into  equations,  and  the  working  of  the  various  algebraic 
operations  both  for  integral  and  fractional  expressions  may  be  mentioned  as  important 
subjects  of  attention.  The  student  should  be  taught  to  arrange  his  work  in  a clear, 
orderly,  and  compact  fashion. 

The  time  supposed  to  be  devoted  to  the  systematic  study  of  the  requirement  in 
Algebra  is  the  equivalent  of  a course  of  three  lessons  a week  through  two  school  years. 

15.  Geometry.  — Plane  and  Solid  Geometry,  including  problems  in 
mensuration  of  plane  and  solid  figures,  and  original  [propositions  in 
Plane  Geometry. 

Geometric  education  should  begin  in  the  kindergarten  or  primary  school,  where  the 
child  should  acquire  familiarity  through  the  senses  with  simple  geometric  forms,  by 
inspecting,  drawing,  modelling,  and  measuring  them,  and  noting  their  more  obvious 
relations.  This  study  should  be  followed,  in  the  grammar  school,  by  systematic  instruc- 
tion in  Concrete  (or  Observational)  Geometry,  of  which  geometric  drawing  should  form  a 
part.  Such  instruction  should  include  the  main  facts  of  Plane  and  Solid  Geometry,  treated 
as  matters  of  observation,  and  not  as  exercises  in  logical  deduction,  without  how- 
ever necessarily  excluding  the  beginnings  of  deductive  proof  as  soon  as  the  pupil  is 
ready  for  them.  Concrete  Geometry  is  believed  to  have  important  educational  value, 
and  to  prepare  an  excellent  foundation  for  the  later  study  of  Formal  Geometry.  It 
belongs,  however,  to  the  earlier  stages  of  school  work,  and  should  not  be  postponed 
until  the  time  that  belongs  to  direct  preparation  for  college  or  the  scientific  school. 


10 


In  teaching  Formal  Geometry,  stress  should  be  laid  from  the  outset  on  accuracy  of 
statement  and  elegance  of  form,  as  well  as  on  clear  and  strict  reasoning.  As  soon  as 
the  pupil  has  begun  to  acquire  the  art  of  rigorous  denftnstration,  his  work  should 
cease  to  be  merely  receptive,  he  should  be  trained  to  devise  constructions  and 
demonstrations  for  himself,  and  this  training  should  be  carried  through  the  whole 
of  the  work  in  Plane  Geometry.  Teachers  are  advised,  in  their  selection  of  a 
text-book,  to  choose  one  having  a clear  tendency  to  call  out  the  pupil’s  own  powers 
of  thought,  prevent  the  formation  of  mechanical  habits  of  study,  and  encourage  the 
concentration  of  mind  which  it  is  a part  of  the  discipline  of  mathematical  study  to 
foster.  The  subject  of  Geometry,  not  a particular  treatise,  is  what  the  pupil  should  be  set 
to  learn ; and  its  simpler  methods  and  conceptions  should  be  made  a part  of  his  habitual 
and  instinctive  thought.  Lastly,  the  pupil  should  be  stimulated  to  good  work  by  interest 
in  the  study  felt  and  exhibited  by  the  teacher. 

The  requirement  in  Geometry  embraces  the  following  topics : the  general  properties 
of  plane  rectilinear  figures;  the  circle  and  the  measure  of  angles;  similar  polygons; 
areas;  regular  polygons,  and  the  measure  of  the  circle;  the  relations  of  planes  and  lines 
in  space;  the  properties  and  measure  of  prisms,  pyramids,  cylinders,  and  cones;  the 
sphere  and  the  spherical  triangle.  The  propositions  required  under  these  several  heads 
are  those  only  which  are  contained  in  the  older  treatises,  and  which  are  recognized  as 
constituting  the  Elements  of  Geometry.  The  examination  does  not  include  the  additions 
introduced  into  some  recent  text-books,  although  most  of  those  additions  are  in  them- 
selves valuable  for  the  student  who  has  time  and  taste  for  extra  study  in  this  field. 
A syllabus  of  the  required  propositions  is  in  preparation.  It  will  soon  be  ready,  and 
may  then  be  obtained  upon  application. 

The  examination  in  Geometry  also  includes  original  propositions  in  Plane  Geometry, 
based  on  the  propositions  named  in  the  syllabus,  and  problems  in  mensuration  in  both 
Plane  and  Solid  Geometry;  but  excellence  in  bookwork  and  in  exercises  immediately 
illustrating  bookwork  will  be  allowed  to  offset  in  part  any  lack  of  skill  in  original  work. 

The  time  which  it  is  recommended  to  assign  to  the  systematic  study  of  the  require- 
ment in  Formal  Geometry  is  the  equivalent  of  a course  of  five  lessons  a week  for  one 
school  year;  but  it  is  believed  to  be  advisable  to  extend  this  allowance  of  time  over 
two  years. 

15a.  Plant  Geometry.  (As  at  present.) 

Until  the  year  1903  Plane  Geometry  may  be  presented  instead  of  Geometry,  but  it  will 
have  less  weight  in  making  up  the  required  aggregate  of  points.  This  alternative  will 
be  withdrawn  after  1903. 


Advanced  Mathematics. 

16.  Logarithms  and  Trigonometry.  — The  theory  of  logarithms  and 
the  use  of  logarithmic  tables.  — Plane -trigonometry.  — The  solution  of 
the  right  spherical  triangle.  — Applications  to  simple  problems. 

No  technical  knowledge  of  the  subjects  of  surveying  and  navigation,  such,  for 
instance,  as  the  methods  of  parallel  or  middle  latitude  sailing,  will  be  required,  but 
such  terms  as  latitude,  longitude,  angle  of  elevation  or  depression,  bearing,  etc., 
should  be  understood.  At  the  examination,  candidates  are  furnished  with  four-place 
tables  belonging  to  the  University,  and  are  not  allowed  to  use  their  own  tables.  The 
tables  provided  are  distributed  before  the  hour  of  examination,  so  that  candidates  may 
have  at  least  an  hour  for  becoming  acquainted  with  their  arrangement  and  use.  Teachers 
who  wish  a still  earlier  opportunity  of  seeing  these  tables  should  write  to  the  Corre- 
sponding Secretary  of  the  University. 


11 


17.  Advanced  Algebra.  (Substantially  as  at  present). 

The  requirement  in  Advanced  Algebra  includes  the  following  subjects : 

(а)  Simultaneous  quadratics  and  equations  solved  like  quadratics;  properties  of  qua- 
dratic  equations ; addition,  subtraction,  multiplication  and  division  of  complex  quantities; 
inequalities ; variations ; arithmetical  and  geometrical  progressions ; mathematical  induc- 
tion; simple  problems  in  choice  and  chance ; continued  fractions ; scales  of  notation. 

(б)  Determinants,  not  including  the  multiplication  theorem;  simple  applications  of 
determinants  to  linear  equations;  the  solution  of  numerical  equations  of  higher  degree, 
and  so  much  of  the  theory  of  equations  (not  including  multiple  roots  or  Sturm’s 
theorem)  as  is  necessary  for  this  purpose. 

The  topics  included  under  (a)  may  be  treated  briefly.  About  half  the  time  devoted 
to  the  requirements  should  be  spent  on  the  topics  included  under  (6). 

18,  19,  22.  Physical  Science. 

Elementary . 

18.  Elementary  Physics. — A course  of  study  dealing  with  the  leading 
elementary  facts  and  principles  of  physics,  with  quantitative  laboratory 
work  by  the  pupil. 

The  instruction  given  in  this  course  should  include  qualitative  lecture-room  experi- 
ments, and  should  direct  especial  attention  to  the  illustrations  and  applications  of 
physical  laws  to  be  fouud  in  every-day  life.  The  candidate  is  required  to  pass  a 
written  examination,  the  main  object  of  which  will  be  to  determine  how  much  he  has 
profited  by  such  instruction.  This  examination  may  include  numerical  problems.  It 
will  contain  more  questions  than  any  one  candidate  is  expected  to  answer,  in  order  to 
make  allowance  for  a considerable  diversity  of  instruction  in  different  schools. 

The  pupil’s  laboratory  work  should  give  practice  in  the  observation  and  explanation 
of  physical  phenomena,  some  familiarity  with  methods  of  measurement,  and  some  train- 
ing of  the  hand  and  the  eye  in  the  direction  of  precision  and  skill.  It  should  also  be 
regarded  as  a means  of  fixing  in  the  mind  of  the  pupil  a considerable  variety  of  facts  and 
principles.  The  candidate  is  required  to  pass  a laboratory  examination,  the  main 
object  of  which  will  be  to  determine  how  much  he  has  profited  by  such  a laboratory 
course. 

The  candidate  must  name  as  the  basis  for  his  laboratory  examination  at  least  thirty- 
five  exercises  selected  from  a list  of  about  sixty,  described  in  a publication  issued  by  the 
University  under  the  title,  “ Descriptive  List  of  Elementary  Exercises  in  Physics.”  In 
this  list  the  divisions  are  mechanics  (including  hydrostatics),  light,  heat,  sound,  and 
electricity  (with  magnetism) . At  least  ten  of  the  exercises  selected  must  be  in  mechanics. 
Any  one  of  the  four  other  divisions  may  be  omitted  altogether,  but  each  of  the  three 
remaining  divisions  must  be  represented  by  at  least  three  exercises. 

The  candidate  is  required  to  present  a note-book  in  which  he  has  recorded  the 
steps  and  the  results  of  his  laboratory  exercises,  and  this  note-book  must  bear  the 
endorsement  of  his  teacher,  certifying  that  the  notes  are  a true  record  of  the  pupil’s 
work.  It  should  contain  an  index  of  the  exercises  which  it  describes.  These  exercises 
need  not  be  the  same  as  those  upon  which  the  candidate  presents  himself  for  the  labora- 
tory examination,  but  should  be  equivalent  to  them  in  amount  and  grade  of  quantitative 
work. 

The  note-book  is  required  as  proof  that  the  candidate  has  formed  the  habit  of  keeping 
a full  and  intelligible  record  of  laboratory  work  through  an  extended  course  of  experi- 
ments, and  that  his  work  has  been  of  such  a character  as  to  raise  a presumption  in  favor 
of  his  preparation  for  the  examination.  But  much  greater  weight  will  be  given  to  the 


12 


laboratory  examination  than  to  the  note-book  in  determining  the  candidate's  attainments 
in  physics.  Experience  has  shown  that  pupils  can  make  the  original  record  of  their 
observations  entirely  presentable,  so  that  copying  will  be  unnecessary,  and  they  should 
in  general  be  required  to  do  so. 

This  course,  if  taken  in  the  last  year  of  the  candidate’s  preparation,  is  expected  to 
occupy  in  laboratory  work,  recitations,  and  lectures,  five  of  the  ordinary  school  periods, 
about  fifty  minutes  in  length,  per  week  for  the  whole  year.  With  few  exceptions  exer- 
cises like  those  in  the  Descriptive  List  already  mentioned  can  be  performed  in  a single 
school  period,  but  for  satisfactory  results  it  will  often  be  necessary  to  repeat  an  exercise. 
Two  periods  per  week  for  the  year  should  be  sufficient  for  the  laboratory  work  proper. 
If  the  course  is  begun  much  earlier  than  the  last  year  of  the  candidate’s  preparation,  as 
it  well  may  be,  it  will  require  more  time. 

19.  Chemistry.  * — A course  of  at  least  sixty  experiments,  performed 
at  school  by  the  pupil  and  accompanied  with  systematic  instruction  in 
principles  and  their  applications,  in  accordance  with  directions  given 
in  a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in  Chemistry,”' 
issued  by  the  University  for  the  use  of  teachers. 

The  candidate  is  required  to  pass  both  a written  and  a laboratory  examination. 
The  written  examination  will  test  his  acquaintance  with  the  facts  and  principles  of 
Chemistry.  The  laboratory  examination  will  test  both  his  skill  in  performing  experi- 
ments and  his  grasp  of  the  principles  involved  in  them.  The  candidate  is  further 
required  to  present  the  original  note-book  in  which  he  recorded  the  steps  and  results 
of  the  experiments  which  he  performed  at  school,  and  this  note-book  must  bear  the 
endorsement  of  his  teacher,  certifying  that  the  notes  are  a true  record  of  the  pupil’s 
work.  It  should  contain  an  index  of  the  exercises  which  it  describes. 

The  note-book  is  required  as  proof  that  the  candidate  has  formed  the  habit  of  keeping 
a full  and  intelligible  record  of  laboratory  work  through  an  extended  course  of  experi- 
ments, and  that  his  work  has  been  of  such  a character  as  to  raise  a presumption  in  favor 
of  his  preparation  for  the  examination.  But  much  greater  weight  will  be  given  to  the 
laboratory  examination  than  to  the  note-book  in  determining  the  candidate’s  attain- 
ments in  Chemistry. 

Advanced. 

22.  Advanced  Physics. f (Substantially  as  at  present.) 

The  University  does  not  prescribe  the  experiments  to  be  performed  by  those  offering 
this  subject  for  admission.  The  work  should,  however,  be  of  advanced  grade,  almost 
wholly  quantitative,  and  conducted  with  apparatus,  not  necessarily  elaborate,  yet  capa- 
ble, if  carefully  handled,  of  yielding  results  of  such  accuracy  as  to  warrant  the  con- 
sideration of  somewhat  minute  error.  For  example,  the  balance  used  in  weighing 
should  be  so  delicate  as  to  justify  corrections  for  the  buoyancy  of  the  air  on  the  weights 
and  on  the  body  weighed,  and,  in  the  determination  of  specific  gravity,  for  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  water.  The  results  should  be  discussed  with  reference  to  their  precision  and 
to  the  number  of  significant  figures.  There  should  be  abcfcit  sixty  experiments  well  dis- 
tributed through  the  range  of  general  physics.  If  the  student  has  devoted  a considerable 
amount  of  time  in  the  elementary  course  to  experiments  in  heat,  that  division  of  physics 


* Equivalent  to  Chemistry  B.  The  course  will  be  mainly  an  experimental  course  in 
theoretical  chemistry,  but  there  will  be  experiments  covering  all  branches  of  pure 
chemistry. 

f Equivalent  to,  but  not  necessarily  identical  with  Physics  <7. 


13 


may  be  here  omitted.  The  laboratory  work  can  be  performed  properly  only  in  periods 
of  considerable  length,  two  to  four  hours,  for  example. 

Instruction  by  lectures  or  text-books  and  work  in  problems  should  be  a part  of  the 
course. 

The  candidate  will  be  required  to  pass  both  a laboratory  and  a written  examination. 
He  should  so  thoroughly  understand  the  work  which  he  has  performed  as  not  to  be  con- 
fused in  the  laboratory  examination  by  unfamiliar  forms  of  apparatus. 

The  laboratory  note-book  will  receive  careful  attention  at  the  time  of  the  examination. 
It  must  contain  a certificate  from  the  teacher  that  it  is  a true  record  of  the  candidate’s 
work. 


II. 

The  following  definitions  have  been  adopted  provisionally, 
pending  the  preparation  of  the  “Outlines”  referred  to  in 
each : — 

(1)  Studies  which  may  be  presented  by  the  candidates  for 
admission  either  to  the  College  or  to  the  Scientific  School : 

20,  21,  23,  24.  Physical  Science. 

Elementary. 

20.  Physiography . — A course  of  study  equivalent  to  that  described  in 
a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in  Physiography,”  to 
be  issued  by  the  University. 

For  the  form  of  examination  see  note  under  Astronomy,  below. 

21.  Anatomy , Physiology , and  Hygiene.* — A course  of  study  and 
laboratory  work  equivalent  to  that  described  in  a pamphlet  entitled 
“An  Outline  of  Requirements  in  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Hygiene,” 
to  be  issued  by  the  University. 

The  candidate  will  be  required  to  pass  both  a written  and  a laboratory  examination. 
The  written  examination  will  test  the  range  and  thoroughness  of  his  knowledge  of 
anatomy,  physiology,  and  hygiene.  The  laboratory  examination  will  test  (a)  his 
practical  familiarity  with  the  simpler  manipulations  of  the  compound  microscope  and 
his  ability  to  recognize  the  principal  histological  tissues;  (&)  his  acquaintance  with 
ordinary  chemical  tests  for  the  common  food-constituents  and  digestive  products;  (c)his 
knowledge  of  the  first  aids  to  be  rendered  in  emergencies. 

At  the  time  of  the  written  examination  the  candidate  must  present  the  original  note- 
book containing  (with  dates)  the  notes  and  drawings  he  has  made  in  the  course  of  his 
laboratory  work,  and  bearing  the  endorsement  of  his  teacher,  certifying  that  the  book  is 
a true  record  of  the  pupil’s  own  observations  and  experiments.  An  index  of  subjects 
should  be  appended. 


* Equivalent  to  Hygiene  1 hf. 


14 


Advanced. 

23.  Meteorology.  — A course  of  observational  study  equivalent  to  that 
described  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in  Meteor- 
ology,” to  be  issued  by  the  University. 

This  course  requires  a knowledge  of  Elementary  Physics.  (For  the  form  of  exami- 
nation see  under  Astronomy,  below.) 

24.  Astronomy.  — A course  of  observational  study  equivalent  to  that 
described  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in 
Astronomy,”  to  be  issued  by  the  University. 

This  course  requires  a knowledge  of  Geometry. 

In  Physiography,  Meteorology,  and  Astronomy,  the  candidate  will  be  required  to 
take  both  a written  and  a laboratory  or  practical  examination.  The  /written  examina- 
tion may  test  his  understanding  of  observational  methods  appropriate  to  the  subject,  but 
will  call  chiefly  for  a knowledge  of  facts  and  principles.  The  laboratory  or  practical 
examination  will  test  his  skill  in  observation  as  well  as  his  grasp  of  principles.  This 
examination  can  be  taken  in  Cambridge  only;  for  those  who  are  examined  elsewhere  in 
June,  it  will  be  postponed  to  September. 

The  laboratory  examination  in  Physiography  may  include  the  description,  explana- 
tion, and  comparison  of  geographical  features  shown  in  photographs,  maps,  and  models. 
The  laboratory  examination  in  Meteorology  may  include  the  use  of  instruments,  the 
discussion  of  observations,  and  the  construction  and  interpretation  of  weather  maps  and 
climatic  charts.  The  practical  examination  in  Astronomy  may  call  for  an  ability  to 
make  simple  naked-eye  and  instrumental  observations,  and  to  establish  the  simpler 
generalizations  of  astronomy  by  discussion  of  these  observations. 

The  candidate  in  these  subjects  will  be  required  to  present,  at  the  time  of  the  labora- 
tory or  practical  examination,  the  original  note-book  in  which  he  recorded,  with  dates, 
the  steps  and  results  of  the  observations  which  he  made  at  school.  This  book  must 
bear  the  endorsement  of  his  teacher,  certifying  that  the  notes  are  a true  record  of  the 
pupil’s  work.  An  index  of  subjects  should  be  appended.  The  note-book  is  required  as 
proof  that  the  candidate  has  formed  the  habit  of  keeping  a full  and  intelligible  record  of 
his  work  through  an  extended  course  of  observational  study,  and  that  his  work  has 
been  of  a satisfactory  character;  but  greater  weight  will  be  given  to  the  practical  or 
laboratory  examination  than  to  the  note-book  in  determinng  the  candidate’s  attainments. 

(2)  Studies  which  may  be  presented  only  by  candidates  for 
admission  to  the  Scientific  School : 

25,  26.  Botany  and  Zoology. 

25.  Botany.  — A course  of  study  and  laboratory  work  equivalent  to  that 
described  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in  Botany,” 
to  be  issued  by  the  University.  The  course  should  extend  through  at 
least  half  of  a school  year,  with  five  lessons  a week,  and  should  include 
the  laboratory  study  of  at  least  — plants,  with  special  reference  to  their 
external  anatomy  and  their  activities.  These  plants  are  to  be  selected  in 
accordance  with  directions  given  in  the  pamphlet  named. 


15 


26.  Zoology . — A course  of  study  and  laboratory  work  equivalent  to 
that  described  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in 
Zoology,”  to  be  issued  by  the  University.  The  course  should  extend 
through  at  least  half  of  a school  year,  with  five  lessons  a week,  and  should 
include  the  laboratory  study  of  at  least  ten  types  of  animals,  with  special 
reference  to  their  external  anatomy  and  their  activities.  These  types  are 
to  be  selected  in  accordance  with  directions  given  in  the  pamphlet  named. 

In  Botany  and  in  Zoology  the  candidate  is  required  to  pass  both  a written  and  a 
laboratory  examination.  The  written  examination  will  test  the  range  and  thoroughness 
of  his  knowledge  of  the  subject.  The  laboratory  examination  will  test  his  skill  in 
observation  and  experimentation,  and  his  ability  to  apply  names  properly  to  the  parts  of 
the  organisms  studied. 

At  the  time  of  the  written  examination  the  candidate  must  present  the  original  note- 
book containing  (with  dates)  the  notes  and  drawings  he  has  made  in  the  course  of  his 
laboratory  work,  and  bearing  the  endorsement  of  his  teacher,  certifying  that  the  book  is 
a true  record  of  the  pupil’s  own  observations  and  experiments.  An  index  of  subjects 
should  be  appended. 

27-30.  Shop  work.* 

A course  of  instruction  in  the  use  of  tools  and  in  the  ordinary  processes 
employed  in  the  working  of  wood  or  metal,  equivalent  to  that  described  in 
a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of  Requirements  in  Shopwork,”  to  be 
issued  by  the  University.  The  course  may  embrace  one  or  more  of  the 
following  divisions  : — 

27.  Wood  - working ; 

28.  Blacksmithing ; 

29.  Chipping,  Filing , and  Fitting ; 

30.  Machine-tool  Work. 

The  candidate  must  be  familiar  with  the  names,  construction,  and  operation  of  the 
tools  commonly  used  in  these  processes,  and  will  be  expected  to  read  ordinary  mechani- 
cal drawings  and  to  make  freehand  sketches  of  articles  which  are  to  be  produced  in  the 
workshop. 

The  candidate  is  required  to  pass  both  a written  and  a laboratory  examination.  The 
written  examination  will  test  his  knowledge  of  tools  and  mechanical  processes,  and  of 
the  properties  of  materials  of  common  use  in  construction.  He  will  be  expected  to  show 
familiarity  with  approved  methods  for  simple  work  in  the  branch  in  which  he  presents 
himself  for  examination,  and  to  write  an  intelligible  description  of  those  methods,  illus- 
trated by  such  sketches  as  may  be  necessary  to  make  them  clear.  The  laboratory 
examination  will  test  the  candidate’s  skill  in  the  use  of  tools.  He  will  receive  the 
materials  and  specifications  for  a piece  of  work,  and  will  be  expected  to  select  his  tools, 
preparing  them  for  use  if  necessary,  and  to  demonstrate  satisfactorily  his  knowledge 
and  skill. 

Every  candidate  is  further  required  to  present  the  original  note-book  in  which  he 
entered  the  descriptions  and  sketches  of  the  work  he  performed  at  school ; and  with  this 


* Each  of  the  courses  numbered  27-30  is  to  be  equivalent  to  a half-course  in  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School. 


16 


he  may  present,  as  evidence  of  his  skill  in  the  workshop,  the  models  made  by  him  at 
school.  Both  the  note-book  and  the  models  must  be  accompanied  by  the  endorsement  of 
his  teacher,  certifying  that  the  book  is  a true  record,  and  that  the  models  are  specimens, 
of  the  pupil’s  own  work. 

31, 32.  Drawing.* 

A course  of  drawing,  in  either  or  both  of  the  following  branches, 
equivalent  to  that  described  in  a pamphlet  entitled  “An  Outline  of 
Requirements  in  Drawing,”  to  be  issued  by  the  University:  — 

31.  Freehand  Drawing.  — The  representation  of  simple  objects,  in 
outline  and  with  shading. 

Accuracy  of  delineation,  correctness  of  proportion,  and  good  quality  of  line  are  desired 
rather  than  any  attempt  at  elaboration.  The  aim  should  be  to  express  as  much  as  pos- 
sible with  the  fewest  lines.  The  examination  will  consist  of  the  drawing,  first,  of  a group 
of  geometrical  solids,  and,  second,  of  either  a simple  piece  of  machinery  or  a simple 
piece  of  architectural  ornament  (such  as  a Greek  anthemion) , as  the  candidate  may  elect. 

32.  Projections.  — The  projection  in  plan  and  elevation  of  geometrical 
figures  and  of  simple  parts  of  architectural  subjects  or  machinery. 

The  examination  will  test  the  candidate’s  knowledge  of  principles  and  methods. 
Every  candidate  is  expected  to  bring  to  the  examination  the  ordinary  drawing  instru- 
ments and  lead-pencils ; drawing-board  and  paper  will  be  supplied.  Every  candidate 
is  further  required  to  present  a set  of  plates  or  drawings  prepared  by  him  at  school, 
sufficient  to  demonstrate  his  understanding  of  the  subject  and  his  familiarity  with 
instruments,  including  the  use  of  the  right-line  pen;  and  these  drawings  must  be 
accompanied  by  the  certificate  of  his  teacher  stating  that  they  are  the  pupil’s  own  work. 


* Each  of  the  courses  numbered  31  and  32  is  to  be  equivalent  to  a half-course  in  the 
Lawrence  Scientific  School. 


Laboratory  Examinations. 

The  following  provision  is  made  for  candidates  presenting  themselves 
for  examination  outside  of  Cambridge  in  subjects  in  which  a laboratory 
examination  is  required  : — 

A candidate  examined  in  June  at  any  place  where  a laboratory  exami- 
nation is  not  provided  will  be  required  to  take  such  an  examination  in 
Cambridge  in  the  autumn ; but  if  he  passes  the  written  examination  in 
June  and  presents  a satisfactory  note-book,  the  subject  will  be  counted 
in  his  favor  in  determining  the  question  of  his  admission  to  College. 
Similarly  a preliminary  candidate  is  allowed  to  postpone  his  laboratory 
examination  until  September  of  the  year  in  which  he  enters  College. 


